APAC CIOOutlook

Advertise

with us

  • Technologies
      • Artificial Intelligence
      • Big Data
      • Blockchain
      • Cloud
      • Digital Transformation
      • Internet of Things
      • Low Code No Code
      • MarTech
      • Mobile Application
      • Security
      • Software Testing
      • Wireless
  • Industries
      • E-Commerce
      • Education
      • Logistics
      • Retail
      • Supply Chain
      • Travel and Hospitality
  • Platforms
      • Microsoft
      • Salesforce
      • SAP
  • Solutions
      • Business Intelligence
      • Cognitive
      • Contact Center
      • CRM
      • Cyber Security
      • Data Center
      • Gamification
      • Procurement
      • Smart City
      • Workflow
  • Home
  • CXO Insights
  • CIO Views
  • Vendors
  • News
  • Conferences
  • Whitepapers
  • Newsletter
  • Awards
Apac
  • Artificial Intelligence

    Big Data

    Blockchain

    Cloud

    Digital Transformation

    Internet of Things

    Low Code No Code

    MarTech

    Mobile Application

    Security

    Software Testing

    Wireless

  • E-Commerce

    Education

    Logistics

    Retail

    Supply Chain

    Travel and Hospitality

  • Microsoft

    Salesforce

    SAP

  • Business Intelligence

    Cognitive

    Contact Center

    CRM

    Cyber Security

    Data Center

    Gamification

    Procurement

    Smart City

    Workflow

Menu
    • Manufacturing
    • Cyber Security
    • Hotel Management
    • Workflow
    • E-Commerce
    • Business Intelligence
    • MORE
    #

    Apac CIOOutlook Weekly Brief

    ×

    Be first to read the latest tech news, Industry Leader's Insights, and CIO interviews of medium and large enterprises exclusively from Apac CIOOutlook

    Subscribe

    loading

    THANK YOU FOR SUBSCRIBING

    • Home
    Editor's Pick (1 - 4 of 8)
    left
    Digitalization with the use of digital technologies/Improving business through digital technologies

    Wilbertus Darmadi, CIO, Toyota Astra Motor

    No Time for Downtime

    Colin Boyd, CIO, Joy Global

    Safeguarding Most Important Wealth - Intellectual Property

    Richard Caron,

    Leveraging Big Data to Keep Big Trucks Up and Running

    Terry Kline, SVP & CIO, Navistar

    Internet Of Things Drives Technology Convergence Into Connected Enterprise

    Jerry Fox,VP, CIO, Rockwell Automation Inc.

    Leveraging Operational Excellence through IoT in Aerospace

    David Jarvis, VP/CIO, Honeywell Aerospace

    CIOs and Factories of the Future: IT and Advanced Manufacturing will be Interdependent and Inseparable

    Vince Campisi, CIO, GE Software

    Facing the Challenge of Digital Disruption

    Mark Mincin, CIO, Epicor Software Corporation

    right

    Measurement and Interpretation of Viscosity for the Process Industries

    Richard K. Grenville, Principal Engineer - Mixing Technology, Philadelphia Mixing Solutions, An SPX FLOW Brand

    Tweet
    content-image

    Richard K. Grenville, Principal Engineer - Mixing Technology, Philadelphia Mixing Solutions, An SPX FLOW Brand

    Viscosity is an important quality of many consumer and industrial products. For example, customers judge many personal products, such as shower gel and shampoo, by their “feel” and assess the quality of foods, such as ketchup and mayonnaise, by their texture. Similarly, the performance of paints, in their end use, is determined by their viscosities since this affects how easy they are to apply and how they move after application. The likelihood of a paint dripping down a vertical wall will be determined by its viscosity.

    A fluid is considered Newtonian if its viscosity is independent of the rate at which it is being sheared (e.g., mixed or pumped). Most viscous fluids are non-Newtonian, though. That means to some degree, their viscosity hinges on the rate at which they are being sheared. The majority of these are shear-thinning, meaning their viscosity decreases as the rate of mixing or pumping increases.

    Viscosity can be measured by several devices, most commonly a Couette, cone-and-plate or capillary viscometer. Their basic operating principle is to measure the force required to move the fluid at a certain velocity. The force can be converted to the shear stress being exerted on the fluid, and the velocity can be related to the shear rate. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is then the ratio of shear stress to shear rate.

    The diamond symbols in Figure 1 measure the shear stress versus shear rate, known as a rheogram, for corn syrup measured using a Couette viscometer. The first thing to notice: the relationship between shear stress and shear rate is linear, which means this is a Newtonian fluid.

    The circles are the plot of viscosity versus shear rate, and because this is a Newtonian fluid, it is constant. This Corn Syrup has a viscosity of 20.7 Pascal-seconds (Pa s) or 20700 centiPoise (cP). For comparison, water (another Newtonian fluid) has a viscosity of 1 cP.

    Figure 2 shows a rheogram for mayonnaise. In this case, the shear stress data, the diamonds, curve downwards with increasing shear rate. This indicates the fluid is shear thinning. The viscosity, shown by the circles, decreases with increasing shear rate. At a shear rate of 1 reciprocal second (s-1), the viscosity is 120 Pa s, while at 10 s-1, it is 18 Pa s. So, the questions for engineers: what is the shear rate generated by my equipment, and what is the viscosity that should be used for design calculations?

    Another potential property of viscous fluids is time dependency. This is demonstrated in Figure 3, which shows the rheogram for tomato ketchup.

    It is well known that ketchup will not flow out of its bottle until it has been shaken. This is because the fluid builds structure with time in the bottle, and this structure must be broken before it will flow. The shear stress plot shows two curves; the red diamonds show the Couette bob speed increasing, and the blue show when it is decreasing. As the bob accelerates, the structure that has built in the ketchup is broken so that, when it decelerates, the bob is moving in a simple shear-thinning fluid. In this case, engineers should consider whether their equipment will ever stop operating long enough for structure to build, which would require the equipment to restart in a more viscous fluid. If this is possible, how should the equipment be sized accordingly?

    Viscosity is an important quality of many consumer and industrial products

    There is a more extreme form of non-Newtonian behavior exhibited by fluids with a yield stress. In these cases, the mixer or pump must generate a minimum force before the fluid will move. This is analogous to the yield stress in a solid material. If a steel bar is stretched or bent, it will return to its original position unless the shear stress exerted exceeds its yield stress. In that case, the bar will permanently deform.

    Figure 4 shows the rheogram for a polymer solution. At shear rates below 1 s-1, the shear stress has constant value of ~300 Pa with changing shear and this is the fluid’s yield stress.

    An agitator must generate a shear stress that exceeds the fluid yield stress or it will not move. In a stirred vessel this results in stagnation at the walls and fluid surface, which can lead to poor incorporation of materials added to the vessel, poor heat transfer from the vessel walls into the fluid and incomplete mixing of a batch.

    One final point to note is that these measurements should be made over the range of shear rates that are expected in the equipment being designed. Typical shear rates in stirred tanks are lower than found in pipe flow, and these are lower than found in a paint spray nozzle. It is quite common for the relationship between shear stress and shear rate to change over a wide range of shear rates and it can be dangerous to extrapolate beyond the range over which the measurements were made.

    Weekly Brief

    loading
    Top 5 Manufacturing Solution Companies in South Korea - 2022
    ON THE DECK

    Manufacturing 2022

    I agree We use cookies on this website to enhance your user experience. By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies. More info

    Read Also

    Reimagining Pension Services Through Responsible Innovation

    Reimagining Pension Services Through Responsible Innovation

    Maz Mirza, Chief Digital Officer, KWAP Malaysia
    Maritime: Beyond Systems, Beyond Seas

    Maritime: Beyond Systems, Beyond Seas

    Ron Fong, Cio, Station Satcom
    Human-Centered Innovation in the GenAI Era

    Human-Centered Innovation in the GenAI Era

    CJ Meadows, Head of Innovation-Asia, Executive Education Designer, Professor & Head of Mbaconsulting, S P Jain School Of Global Management
    The Art and Science of Selling

    The Art and Science of Selling

    Scott White, Senior Manager Sales and Marketing Operations, Airbus
    Responsible Data Leadership in an AI-Driven World

    Responsible Data Leadership in an AI-Driven World

    Gemma Dias, Head of Data Governance, Tyro Payments
    Driving Guest-Centric IT Innovation in Integrated Resorts

    Driving Guest-Centric IT Innovation in Integrated Resorts

    Ching Yip, Vice President of Information Technology, Hoiana Resort & Golf
    Microsoft-Covering People 360 Degrees...

    Microsoft-Covering People 360 Degrees...

    Khalid Nizami , Heads The Digital Transformation Center Of Excellence For Asia Pacific, Ecolab
    How Insurers Can Lead Digital Ecosystems and Better Meet Customer Needs Platforms Such as Microsoft Azure Can Help Companies Become Network Orchestrators

    How Insurers Can Lead Digital Ecosystems and Better Meet Customer Needs Platforms Such as Microsoft Azure Can Help Companies Become Network Orchestrators

    Chris Henderson, EY Asia-Pacific Data & Analytics Advisory, Partner
    Loading...
    Copyright © 2025 APAC CIOOutlook. All rights reserved. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy and Anti Spam Policy 

    Home |  CXO Insights |   Whitepapers |   Subscribe |   Conferences |   Sitemaps |   About us |   Advertise with us |   Editorial Policy |   Feedback Policy |  

    follow on linkedinfollow on twitter follow on rss
    This content is copyright protected

    However, if you would like to share the information in this article, you may use the link below:

    https://manufacturing.apacciooutlook.com/cxoinsights/measurement-and-interpretation-of-viscosity-for-the-process-industries-nwid-8524.html